Glossary

Form 13F is the quarterly SEC report from managers running 100 million dollars or more in 13(f) securities. What it covers, what it hides, and when it is due.

A 51% attack is a potential attack where a person or group gains a majority of a blockchains hashing power to control the network and its ledger. How Does A 51% Attack Work? Whenever a cryptocurrency exchange happens, the transactions are stored within a.

On Ethereum, there are two types of accounts; externally owned accounts (EOAs) and contract accounts (CAs). EOAs are controlled by someone with private keys and CAs are opperated by code and stored within smart contracts – usually within dApps and DeFi.

Any sustainable system requires the ability to adapt to changes. A blockchain protocol is a critical part of any distributed ledger, facilitating the communication of vital information such as; transaction validation, system security, the interaction of.

A per-account weighting that discounts bot-like and low-history accounts so a handful of noisy posters cannot move a reading.

One hundredth of a percentage point. Rate moves are quoted in basis points: a 25 bp hike is a quarter of a percent.

Blockchain bridges facilitate the communication and transfer of information across blockchains.((Ethereum – Blockchain Bridges)) Bridges create a "wrapped" token that represents the same token on separate chains, whether layers or sidechains((Binance – What's.

Blockchain interoperability is the compatibility between blockchains, allowing for features and information to be shared between chains. Interoperability is achieved through sidechains, oracles, bridges,((Gemini – Cross-Chain Interoperability: What it Means.

A protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information. Some internet protocols include IP, HTTPS, and DNS. For blockchains, it allows nodes to communicate information, building a distributed.

A Brute-Force attack, also known as exhaustive key search, is a hack using complex algorithms attempting to crack a password or key by trial and error to find the correct plaintext or password. As the password's length increases, the amount of time needed to.

The share of classified mentions scored positive, neutral and negative, summing to one hundred percent over the sample.

A ticker written with a dollar prefix, such as $NVDA. The lowest-ambiguity signal the pipeline extracts.

A central bank digital currency — government-issued money in digital form, run on rails the central bank controls rather than a public blockchain.

A central bank digital currency (CBDC) is a virtual currency backed by a country's fiat currency and issued by its central bank. CBDCs were inspired by the increased popularity of virtual currencies based on a blockchain, like Bitcoin, although a CBDC is not.

The circulating supply of a cryptocurrency project is an approximation of the number of tokens in public hands, being publicly available and circulating through markets. It is a metric that never stays the same, it often increases or decreases based on market.

A composite, calibrated score for each extracted entity, combining source, format, financial context and reference validation.

Consensus is when a general agreement is reached. In reference to blockchains, consensus mechanisms are fault-tolerant systems utilized to reach an agreement on a single state of data within the network among distributed nodes. ((Shubhani Aggarwal and Neeraj.

A flagged spike in mentions driven by a small set of authors posting heavily — the pattern of a pump attempt rather than organic attention.

CPI with food and energy stripped out — the steadier read the Federal Reserve watches for underlying inflation.

The Consumer Price Index — the headline US inflation gauge, tracking the price of a fixed basket of goods and services. We chart it year over year.

A cryptocurrency airdrop is a free distribution of tokens to a wallet to raise awareness, supply, and liquidity for a project. Small portions of the circulating supply are "airdropped" to various wallets. These can be random, although usually requiring the.

The work of validating proof-of-work blocks by spending compute; miners earn newly issued coins plus fees for each block they win.

A crypto mixer, crypto washer, or crypto tumbler is a service that mixes various streams of cryptocurrencies together increasing their anonymity and making it harder to track back to the original source.((Usman W. Chohan, MBA – The Cryptocurrency Tumblers.

Cryptocurrency burning is the process of intentionally removing coins from the circulating supply of a specific token. This deflationary process is done to decrease the supply of tokens, adding more value to the ones which remain. The price doesn't increase.

A cryptocurrency market cap defines how large a cryptocurrency is by multiplying the current price by the circulating supply. Market Cap = Current Price x Circulating Supply Market Cap Of $1,000,000 = $5 Per Token x 200,000 Circulating Tokens Importance Of A.

Cryptocurrency mining is how new transactions are validated on a blockchain's public ledger. Validating transactions results in a reward of the cryptocurrency on the blockchain – adding new coins into circulation. How Does Cryptocurrency Mining Work? A miner.

A cryptographic hash function takes any sized inputs and outputs a fixed length, called the hash value, using mathematics to do so. Compared to traditional hash functions, cryptographic hash functions have a wide array of security properties to better secure.

A cryptographic key is a string of numbers and letters used to alter a message into/out of a cipher through an algorithm. Public-key cryptography (PKC) uses a pair of public keys and private keys, getting its name because it can either lock or unlock the data.

A decentralized autonomous organization — a project governed by token-holder votes executed through smart contracts instead of a boardroom.

Cryptocurrencies can die, when this happens they're declared a 'Deadcoin'. Deadcoins are crypto projects which turned out to be a scam, have been abandoned by the founders, and have low liquidity among other reasons making the project no longer feasible.

Decentralized applications (dApps) are software programs built upon a peer-to-peer network of computer nodes, such as a blockchain. They exist to cut the middleman out of financial transactions, with smart contracts taking their place. For an application to.

A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is an organization that is owned and managed by its own members, without the need for central governance. A group of developers from the Ethereum community who were inspired by the principles of cryptocurrencies.

Decentralized finance (DeFi) is a collective term that describes emerging financial applications aimed at disrupting traditional financial systems. Through the elimination of the intermediary, the control financial institutions have upon money is minimized.

Decentralized finance — lending, trading and yield built from smart contracts, with no bank or broker in the middle.

Digital signatures verify the authenticity of a message, document, or transaction through cryptographic encryption. A valid digital signature gives the receiver a strong conviction that the message is authentic and wasn't altered along its path, as it is.

Table Of ContentsWhat Is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)?Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) ExplainedHow Does DLT Track Data?How Is Distributed Ledger Technology Used?Decentralized Use Cases Of DLTCentralized Use Cases Of DLT What Is Distributed Ledger.

The Ethereum standard most fungible tokens are built on; wallets and exchanges can support any ERC-20 token the day it launches.

Not all cryptocurrencies have their own blockchain. Rather there are some that run on top of a blockchain, these are called tokens. The most popular and well-known example of this is Ethereum, with over 500,000 tokens running on top of the Ethereum.

Ethereum Request for Comments 4337 is an account abstraction proposal that would enable customizability to wallets without the need for consensus-layer protocol changes.((Ethereum Improvement Proposals – EIP-4337: Account Abstraction via Entry Point Contract.

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are digital assets based on a blockchain and are linked with distinctive codes and metadata to separate them from other tokens on the blockchain. These types of tokens can be used to create unique artworks, memorabilia, trading.

Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) are documents that propose new features, and changes to the network. EIPs can be submitted by any member of the Ethereum community and the author is responsible for building consensus and adapting the proposal based on.

The Ethereum Name Service (ENS) is an extendible naming system that replaces hard-to-remember crypto addresses with easy-to-remember names. The ENS replaces a long address such as "0x1287fgn74nd736hd673…" with something like "thedistributed.eth". The ENS'.

An Ethereum Request For Comments (ERC) is a rule-defining, technical standard for implementing smart contracts and/or tokens within the Ethereum ecosystem. ERCs propose improvements to the existing protocol and standards within the network. How Do ERCs Work?

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a digital and decentralized environment, it is the master computer and backbone of the entire Ethereum blockchain. The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the hardware that facilitates all operations on the Ethereum blockchain.

The sentiment model that scores each mention from negative one to positive one. Most reliable on formal financial text, weaker on sarcasm.

The flippening describes the hypothetical situation where Bitcoin's market cap is overturned by Ethereum. The term rose to popularity in 2017-2018 by hopeful Ethereum investors after seeing the price of Bitcoin dip to lows not seen for a long time. Market.

The SEC filing a company insider must submit after buying or selling their own stock. Our insider-trades tables are built from these.

Fractionalized NFTs are NFTs that are divided into smaller fractions. This allows for split ownership of a single digital asset, making expensive assets more accessible. NFTs are built upon the basis of being non-fungible, hence the name. Of course, having.

The fee paid to have a blockchain transaction processed; on Ethereum it rises and falls with network congestion.

Gas fees are the cost that is required to attempt a transaction. This is decided based on the computational energy needed to confirm a transaction. These transactions take time, energy, and computational effort, which doesn't come for free. The fees are.

Gasless transactions, also known as meta-transactions((OpenZeppelin – Sending Gasless Transactions)), are a way for users to send tokens without the associated gas fees. Gasless transactions are meant to make decentralized applications (dApps) more.

Gwei or gigaWei is the most commonly used denomination of Ether's Wei. It's comparable to Ether like a cent is to a dollar because gas prices are easily specified with Gwei. 1 Gwei is equal to 0.000000001 ETH, and usually, its easier to quote gas prices with.

The scheduled event that cuts bitcoin's new-coin issuance in half, roughly every four years.

Can You Inherit Cryptocurrency? Passing on your cryptocurrency in the event of death is possible, albeit more complicated than physical assets. Firstly, a majority of crypto wallets and accounts aren't like traditional investment accounts, with a large.

Know Your Customer (KYC) is a set of requirements set in place by financial institutions to verify the identity of users on a platform. These requirements differ for every platform and country but include things such as date of birth, home address, license.

A smart-contract reserve of paired tokens that traders swap against — pricing comes from a formula, not an order book.

A liquidity pool is an assortment of cryptocurrencies locked within a smart contract that provides liquidity for various types of transactions on decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols. Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are the most popular users of liquidity.

A liquidity provider (LP) is a user who funds a liquidity pool. An LP will use their own cryptocurrencies and deposit them within the smart contract associated with the liquidity pool, in return for getting paid interest for their deposit. Decentralized.

The total value of a company's shares — share price times shares outstanding. The default sort for our market tables.

The maximum supply is the total amount of tokens that will enter circulation in the lifetime of a cryptocurrency project. This includes all tokens which have and haven't been minted and tokens which have been lost or burned. A majority of projects will issue.

A memory pool, or mempool, is the "waiting room" where unconfirmed transactions are held before they've been verified on a blockchain ledger. After a node verifies the transaction, it waits in the Mempool until it’s then picked up by a miner and inserted in a.

The count of classified mentions of an entity over a window, summed across the tracked subreddits.

A mining hashrate is the amount of processing power a miner or network has to process transactions onto a blockchains ledger. The hashrate of a miner refers to the number calculations a rig can solve per second, known as a hash. The hashrate of a network.

A non-fungible token (NFT) is a digital asset stored on a blockchain. These assets cannot be traded like for like, this is in direct comparison to cryptocurrencies. NFTs have unique metadata and identifiers encoded within them which distinguishes them from.

Named-entity recognition. The model that identifies tickers, company names, ETFs and commodities in raw Reddit text.

The mention-weighted average sentiment for an entity over the window, on a negative one to positive one scale.

A non-fungible token — a unique on-chain record of ownership for one specific digital or real-world item, unlike interchangeable coins.

Wash trading in regards to NFTs is the process of buying and selling NFTs in a way to manipulate or mislead the market through artificially increased prices or heightened trading volume. After the success of projects like CryptoPunks and B.A.Y.C., users are.

Nodes are responsible for acting as a point of redistribution or a communication point. In the essence of a blockchain, they perform different functions as needed, such as communicating information about transactions and/or blocks from peer-to-peer through.

A non-fungible token (NFT) is a digital asset stored on a blockchain. NFTs have unique metadata and identifiers encoded within them which distinguishes them from other tokens and this data cannot be falsified. The term non-fungible is something that cannot be.

A cryptographic nonce is an abbreviation for "number only used once". In reference to cryptocurrency mining, it is a number added to a hashed block that, when rehashed, meets the mining.

Activity recorded directly on a blockchain — transfers, balances, contract calls — public and verifiable by anyone.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a distributed communication model where nodes or peers communicate with each other directly without the use of a central server or third party. A distributed network architecture may be referred to as P2P only if peers share a portion of.

The Producer Price Index — inflation measured at the factory gate, before it reaches consumers. Often moves ahead of CPI.

A consensus design where validators lock up tokens for the right to confirm blocks — misbehave and the stake is slashed.

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is a set of consensus mechanisms built to process transactions on a blockchain. A validator is randomly selected to validate a transaction based on their stake in the network. This is a direct combat against the flawed and.

Retroactive Airdrops are among the frequent ways to reward early adopters in the fast-changing world of cryptocurrencies. The main difference of such an airdrop from all the rest is that it gives a reward to those who, one way or another, helped develop or.

A rug pull is an exit scam where crypto developers swiftly abandon an ongoing project, taking all of the investor's funds with them. They pull the rug from under investors' feet. How Does A Rug Pull Work? Rug pulls are most common within Decentralized Finance.

The number of classified mentions behind a figure, shown as n= on every reading so you can weigh it.

A Satoshi Unit, or SATS, is currently the smallest denomination of Bitcoin (BTC), named after the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto. As dollars split into cents, Bitcoins split into Satoshis with one Satoshi equaling 0.00000001 BTC. Currently.

The ordered list of words that regenerates a crypto wallet's keys. Whoever holds the phrase holds the funds.

A seed phrase or recovery phrase is a set of 12, 18, or 24 random words at the core of a wallet's private key generation and is the only backup for your private key.((Ledger – How To Protect Your Seed Phrase?)) Seed phrases are generated by most reputable.

Securing Hashing Algorithm 256 (SHA-256) is the hashing algorithm used to secure blockchains such as Bitcoin, where the hashing function emits a 256-bit wide output. The hashing algorithm is responsible for wallet address creation and management along with.

The share of a company's tradable stock currently sold short — a rough gauge of how many traders are positioned against it.

A sidechain is a blockchain that runs independent of the mainchain but is interoperable through a two-way bridge.((Ethereum – Sidechains)) A majority of sidechains exist to fix issues on the mainchain such as scalability and speed. They focus on one specific.

The gap between the price you expected and the price you got — the cost of moving size through thin liquidity.

Code deployed on a blockchain that executes automatically when its conditions are met — the building block of DeFi, NFTs and DAOs.

A smart contract is a set of agreements stored within a database that runs when pre-determined conditions are met. Smart contracts automate the execution of an agreement so both parties can verify the outcome through the open-source nature of the contract.

A non-fungible token (NFT) is a digital asset stored on a blockchain. NFTs have unique metadata and identifiers encoded within them which distinguishes them from other tokens and this data cannot be falsified. NFTs are transferable, never being tied to one.

An exchange-traded fund that holds the asset itself — such as bitcoin — rather than futures on it, so the share price tracks the spot market.

A crypto token designed to hold a fixed value, usually one US dollar, backed by reserves of cash and short-term debt.

Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies with a value pegged to a reserve asset, which can help stabilize the price of the cryptocurrency. Stablecoins are generally created, or “minted,” in exchange for fiat currency that an issuer receives from a user or third.

Test networks, or Testnets, are a blockchain separate from the mainnet used to test new implementations on the network without risk to the main chain. Testnets are used to test new features and tools without deploying them directly on the main chain.

The exchange symbol for a security, such as NVDA. The canonical key the pipeline normalises every mention to.

A token lockup is a certain amount of time when tokens are incapable of being transacted and/or traded. Also known as vesting periods, these usually after an initial coin offering (ICO), and affect a certain amount of owners – typically the core developers.

Tokenized assets allow for information and value to be stored, transferred, and verified on a blockchain using distributed ledger technology. Both physical and digital assets may be turned into fungible tokens. Tokenized assets that are native to a blockchain.

A token's economic design: supply, issuance, unlock schedule and how value is meant to accrue to holders.

Total token supply refers to the all of cryptocurrencies that have been mined and issued. The total supply doesn't include tokens that have been burned, but does include tokens that have been locked following something like an ICO or being held in a reserve.

Total value locked (TVL) is a metric that describes the value of the entirety of deposited assets within a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol, called a dApp. TVL can describe a variety of different assets through the eyes of a smart contract, such as.

In cryptography, a trapdoor function is one that can easily be computed in one direction but the inverse is very difficult to perform. These functions can use a secret to efficiently perform the inverse calculation. Trapdoor functions are one-way functions.

Triangular arbitrage is an advanced form of trading strategy that seeks to exploit price differences between three cryptocurrencies on the same trading platform. First discussed in stock and foreign exchange markets, it is more common in Bitcoin because of.

Within the world of blockchain, when users transact their cryptocurrencies there are inputs and outputs. Inputs are unspent outputs from a previous transaction.((Cardano Docs – Understanding The Extended UTXO Model)) The Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO).

A validator is a node responsible for validating transactions within a blockchain network, recording them on the distributed ledger. A node is a point of communication in a peer-to-peer system, with various types of them existing. In our case, validator nodes.

Wei is the smallest denomination of Ether, or ETH, the cryptocurrency on the Ethereum network. Wei takes its name from Cypherpunk member Wei Dai who proposed the first real cryptocurrency called B-Money, which is essentially a forerunner to Bitcoin, although.

A wrapped token transfers the value of one cryptocurrency across to another chain. They are tokenized versions of tokens. A token allows for information and value to be stored, transferred, and verified within a blockchain. These tokens can be fungible, or.

A reading compared against the same month a year earlier — the standard way inflation prints are quoted, and how our macro charts are drawn.

Treasury yields plotted from short to long maturities. When short yields sit above long ones — an inversion — recessions have often followed.

Zk-SNARK is a zero-knowledge proof protocol utilized by cryptographic encryption. Zk-SNARK is an acronym that stands for “Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge.” Zk-SNARKs allow users to quickly verify proof that a computation has a.